Not quite. All four formats can carry metadata, but the standards behind them were built at different times for different purposes, so support for EXIF, IPTC, XMP, and newer fields like C2PA isn't consistent across the board.
The most metadata-rich format in everyday use. EXIF, IPTC, XMP, and ICC color profile data are all standard parts of the JPEG file structure, and virtually every camera, phone, and editing tool reads and writes them the same way. If you're checking a photo's history, JPEG is the format most likely to have the fullest picture embedded.
PNG wasn't originally designed with camera metadata in mind — it's built around lossless graphics — so it supports metadata through more general-purpose text chunks (tEXt, iTXt, zTXt) and, in some tools, XMP. Support is less standardized: not every app writes EXIF-style camera data into a PNG the way it would into a JPEG, even when the data is technically available.
WebP supports EXIF and XMP through its extended file format, but tool support for reading and writing that metadata is less universal than JPEG's — some apps handle it fully, others ignore it entirely on export, so don't assume a WebP file either has or lacks metadata without actually checking.
Apple's default photo format on iPhone stores extensive metadata, similar in depth to JPEG — GPS, camera details, timestamps. The catch is tooling: HEIC is a newer, more complex container format, and not every metadata viewer or editor supports it out of the box, which is why services (Nullframe included) often handle HEIC through server-assisted processing rather than pure in-browser code.
Don't assume metadata survives — or doesn't — during a conversion. Some converters (including the ones built into "share as JPEG" flows on phones) carry metadata over automatically; others strip it as a side effect of re-encoding; some strip most fields but leave a few behind. The only reliable way to know is to check the actual output file after converting, not to assume based on the format alone.
Nullframe reads and strips metadata across all four formats — JPEG, PNG, and WebP fully in your browser, and HEIC with server-assisted processing — so you can check the real answer for a specific file instead of guessing from the format alone.